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In this guide, we’ll walk you through the process of deploying WordPress on Kubernetes, leveraging its benefits to ensure your website runs smoothly and efficiently.
In the fast-paced realm of website management, the quest for a scalable, reliable, and efficient platform is never-ending. Enter Kubernetes – the revolutionary container orchestration tool that has transformed the way we deploy, manage, and scale applications in modern IT environments.
Kubernetes, often abbreviated as K8s, is an open-source container orchestration platform originally developed by Google and now maintained by the Cloud Native Computing Foundation (CNCF). At its core, Kubernetes automates the deployment, scaling, and management of containerized applications, providing a unified platform for orchestrating workloads across a cluster of machines.
We configured our kubernetes cluster with the following settings:
| master node | master.localdomain |
| No. of worker nodes | 3 (wk1.localdomain, wk2.localdomain, wk3.localdomain) |
| RAM | 4 GB |
| Cores | 2 |
| Docker Version | Docker version 25.0.1, build 29cf629 |
| Kubectl Version | { “clientVersion”: { “major”: “1”, “minor”: “29”, “gitVersion”: “v1.29.1”, “gitCommit”: “bc401b91f2782410b3fb3f9acf43a995c4de90d2”, “gitTreeState”: “clean”, “buildDate”: “2024-01-17T15:51:03Z”, “goVersion”: “go1.21.6”, “compiler”: “gc”, “platform”: “linux/amd64” }, “kustomizeVersion”: “v5.0.4-0.20230601165947-6ce0bf390ce3” } |
| Kubernetes Version | v1.28.3 |
| Operating System (OS) Images | Debian GNU/Linux 11 (bullseye) |
Imagine Kubernetes as the conductor of a symphony orchestra, meticulously coordinating each instrument to create a harmonious melody. Similarly, Kubernetes orchestrates the various components of your WordPress application – from the web server to the database – ensuring they work in concert to deliver a seamless user experience.
At its essence, Kubernetes abstracts away the complexities of infrastructure management, allowing you to focus on what truly matters – building and maintaining your WordPress website. Whether you’re a seasoned developer or a novice user, Kubernetes offers a level playing field for deploying WordPress applications, democratizing access to enterprise-grade infrastructure capabilities.
Now, let’s delve into the nitty-gritty of deploying WordPress on Kubernetes and unleash the power of cloud-native hosting for your website.
Before deploying WordPress, you need to have a Kubernetes cluster up and running. You can choose from various Kubernetes distributions like Minikube for local development or managed services like Google Kubernetes Engine (GKE), Amazon Elastic Kubernetes Service (EKS), or Azure Kubernetes Service (AKS) for production environments.
[admin@master wordpress-deployment]$ cat <<EOF >./kustomization.yaml
secretGenerator:
- name: mysql-pass
literals:
- password=YOUR_PASSWORD
EOF
WordPress relies on a database to store its content and configuration. We’ll start by deploying a MySQL database on Kubernetes. Below is an example YAML manifest for deploying MySQL:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: wordpress-mysql
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
ports:
- port: 3306
selector:
app: wordpress
tier: mysql
clusterIP: None
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: mysql-pv-claim
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 5Gi
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: wordpress-mysql
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: wordpress
tier: mysql
strategy:
type: Recreate
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: wordpress
tier: mysql
spec:
containers:
- image: mysql:8.0
name: mysql
env:
- name: MYSQL_ROOT_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-pass
key: password
- name: MYSQL_DATABASE
value: wordpress
- name: MYSQL_USER
value: wordpress
- name: MYSQL_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-pass
key: password
ports:
- containerPort: 3306
name: mysql
volumeMounts:
- name: mysql-persistent-storage
mountPath: /var/lib/mysql
volumes:
- name: mysql-persistent-storage
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: mysql-pv-claim
This deployment is setting up a MySQL database for a WordPress application in a Kubernetes cluster. It consists of three main components: a Service, a PersistentVolumeClaim, and a Deployment.
The Service wordpress-mysql exposes port 3306 for MySQL communication and selects pods with the labels app: wordpress and tier: mysql. The PersistentVolumeClaim mysql-pv-claim requests 5Gi of storage with ReadWriteOnce access mode to store MySQL data persistently.
The Deployment wordpress-mysql ensures the desired state of the MySQL pods, pulling the mysql:8.0 image, setting environment variables for database configuration, and mounting persistent storage for data storage at /var/lib/mysql.
Copy and paste the contents above to a file called mysql.yaml (or your preferred name).
With the MySQL database running, we can now deploy WordPress. Below is an example YAML manifest for deploying WordPress with NGINX Ingress:
apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
name: wordpress
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
ports:
- port: 80
selector:
app: wordpress
tier: frontend
type: LoadBalancer
---
apiVersion: v1
kind: PersistentVolumeClaim
metadata:
name: wp-pv-claim
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
accessModes:
- ReadWriteOnce
resources:
requests:
storage: 5Gi
---
apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
name: wordpress
labels:
app: wordpress
spec:
selector:
matchLabels:
app: wordpress
tier: frontend
strategy:
type: Recreate
template:
metadata:
labels:
app: wordpress
tier: frontend
spec:
containers:
- image: wordpress:6.2.1-apache
name: wordpress
env:
- name: WORDPRESS_DB_HOST
value: wordpress-mysql
- name: WORDPRESS_DB_PASSWORD
valueFrom:
secretKeyRef:
name: mysql-pass
key: password
- name: WORDPRESS_DB_USER
value: wordpress
ports:
- containerPort: 80
name: wordpress
volumeMounts:
- name: wordpress-persistent-storage
mountPath: /var/www/html
volumes:
- name: wordpress-persistent-storage
persistentVolumeClaim:
claimName: wp-pv-claim
This deployment is setting up a WordPress application in a Kubernetes cluster. It consists of three main components: a Service, a PersistentVolumeClaim (PVC), and a Deployment.
The Service named “wordpress” exposes port 80 for external access and selects pods with the labels app: wordpress and tier: frontend. The PVC named “wp-pv-claim” requests 5Gi of storage with ReadWriteOnce access mode to persistently store WordPress data.
The Deployment named “wordpress” ensures the desired state of the WordPress pods, pulling the wordpress:6.2.1-apache image, setting environment variables for database configuration, and mounting persistent storage for data storage at /var/www/html.
Copy and paste the contents above to a file called wordpress.yaml (or your preferred name).
Once you’ve created the MySQL and WordPress YAML files, along with the kustomization file, your working directory should resemble the following (below):
[admin@master wordpress-deployment]$ ls -lh
total 12K
-rw-r--r--. 1 admin admin 74 Feb 3 17:40 kustomization.yaml
-rw-r--r--. 1 admin admin 1.5K Feb 3 17:43 mysql.yaml
-rw-r--r--. 1 admin admin 1.4K Feb 3 17:43 wordpress.yaml
Now copy and paste the following (below) to your command-line to add the resource entries to the kustomization file.
[admin@master wordpress-deployment]$ cat <<EOF >>./kustomization.yaml
resources:
- mysql.yaml
- wordpress.yaml
EOF
The contents of the kustomization.yaml file should resemble what is displayed below:
[admin@master wordpress-deployment]$ cat kustomization.yaml
secretGenerator:
- name: mysql-pass
literals:
- password=YOUR_PASSWORD
resources:
- mysql.yaml
- wordpress.yaml
Now let’s deploy the kustomization.yaml with the following command:
$ kubectl apply -k ./
secret/mysql-pass-df44tkf8t9 created
service/wordpress created
service/wordpress-mysql created
persistentvolumeclaim/mysql-pv-claim created
persistentvolumeclaim/wp-pv-claim created
deployment.apps/wordpress created
deployment.apps/wordpress-mysql created
Check the running status of the pods with the following command:
$ kubectl get pods
NAME READY STATUS RESTARTS AGE
wordpress-cd74ffcf-2gz2v 0/1 ContainerCreating 0 2m25s
wordpress-mysql-86f59dbdd7-h6tmx 1/1 Running 0 2m25s
Check and verify the status of the PVCs using this command. As you can see (below), the persistent volumes are bound and dynamically provisioned.
$ kubectl get pvc
NAME STATUS VOLUME CAPACITY ACCESS MODES STORAGECLASS AGE
mysql-pv-claim Bound pvc-06040cc7-20e9-49c6-8940-d7657fb303a7 5Gi RWO standard 3m50s
wp-pv-claim Bound pvc-6087efab-efab-492a-b46e-d9c6e249bf10 5Gi RWO standard 3m50s
In addition, check the status of the secret to ensure it was generated successfully (as shown below):
$ kubectl get secret
NAME TYPE DATA AGE
mysql-pass-df44tkf8t9 Opaque 1 13m
Check the status of the wordpress service:
$ kubectl get services wordpress
NAME TYPE CLUSTER-IP EXTERNAL-IP PORT(S) AGE
wordpress LoadBalancer 10.128.80.159 139.144.240.166 80:31552/TCP 5m13s
The wordpress service is running and provides information (EXTERNAL-IP address: 139.144.240.166) we will need to view our website. Simply enter the URL http://<your-external-IP> to launch the WordPress installation page.
Photo by admingeek from Infotechys
Well done! Your WordPress site has been successfully deployed on Kubernetes. Now, you can move forward with configuring your WordPress site or execute the command below to remove your deployments and deploy something else!
$ kubectl delete -k ./
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